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6 March, 02:06

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder in humans. If a heterozygous woman has children with an unaffected man, what are the odds of the following combinations of children?

a. An affected son

b. Four unaffected offspring in a row

c. An unaffected daughter or son

d. Two out of five offspring that are affected

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Answers (2)
  1. 6 March, 02:22
    0
    a. 1/4 chance of occurring

    b. 81/256

    c. 3/4

    d. 0.26

    Explanation:

    X-linked recessive inheritance is a pattern of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to always get expressed in males (they have one X and one Y chromosome with mutation on the X) and in females who are homozygous for the gene mutation (mutation on both X chromosomes).

    Indicating the mutation with h and the normal allele with H. Thus, if a heterozygous woman (XHXh) and an unaffected man (XHY). we have:

    (XHXh) x (XHY)

    XHXH XHXh XHY XhY

    normal female normal male affected male

    0.5 0.25 0.25

    1/2 1/4 1/4

    a. 1/4

    b. Each unaffected offspring has 3/4 chance of occuring: four unffected - 3/4 x 3/4 x 3/4 x 3/4 = 81/256

    c. 1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4

    d. The probability of an unaffected offspring is 3/4. Here, the binomial expansion equation (where x = 2, n = 5, p = 1/4, and q = 3/4). The answer is 0.26, or 26%, of the time. probability of affected is 1/4. Thus, using this

    P (x) = (⁵₂) pˣ (1 - p) ⁿ⁻ˣ =

    = (⁵₂) (1/4) ² (3/4) ³ =

    = 5!/3!2! (0.0625) (0.4219) =

    = 10 (0.026)

    = 0.26
  2. 6 March, 02:59
    0
    a) 1/4b) 81/256c) 3/4d) 0.26

    Explanation:

    Given

    Heterozygous female = X*X (X * is mutated gene);

    unaffected male = XY;

    so children are X*X, X*Y, XX, XY

    now

    a) affected son; genotype (X*Y), (1/4) 1 son is affected from 2 sons and from four total children.

    b) Four unaffected offspring in a row = 81/256

    c) 3/4 (X*X, XX, XY) are unaffected children,

    d) The probability of an affected offspring is 0.25, and here the probability of an unaffected offspring is 3/4.

    now use the binomial expansion equation for this;

    So, two out of five offspring that are affected = 0.26, or 26%.
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