Dating methods based on laboratory treatment or analysis of various items recovered from an excavation that can tell us, for example, how many years ago a rock layer formed, are called

The answer is Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL).

Explanation:

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is a technique used to estimate the age of fossils in geological sediments through ionized radiation to determine the last time a mineral was exposed to sunlight.

This methods assumes that minerals or rock layers were both regularly and sufficiently exposed to oxygen before being buried, noticeably bleaching the observed mineral or fossil.

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