In a minimum 200 words discuss the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power?

Centralization efforts have been successful in European countries because political authority and legislative mandate has been vested in centralized institution - parliament which is responsible for formulating legislature of the country. Members of the parliament whether it be constitutional monarchies or centralized republics perform legislative duties and vote upon bills that have been tabled for resolution.

The centralized form of government in European countries can be generally classified into three main categories - constitutional monarchies, federal republics and centralized republics. In case of constitutional monarchies, political powers of the monarch have been limited and its only main function it to represent the state. The other two forms of government - federal republics and centralized republics differ in the sense that in former regions have greater autonomy in deciding their own affairs regarding finance, allocation of resources etc whereas in latter centralized government has absolute authority over regional matters.

Centralized form of government in Roman Empire was much different as compared ones currently in practice all over Europe because in such government, monarch had the final authority over deciding all matters of the republic and as such institutions such as parliament were merely an extension of the King's will and were not able to implement or mandate actions as per the wishes of the people. Therefore, although centralized, Roman Empire didn't fall into category of centralized government that is currently in practice in European nations.