1a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between Josephson and Gutman's historical interpretation of the effects of industrialization on American society.

Josephson believed that industrialization created economic inequalities among people. Gutman, on the other hand, believes that industrialization has caused harmful tension among immigrants and natives.

Explanation:

For Josephson, industrialization created an immense social inequality between rich and poor, where the rich enriched themselves through the exploitation of workers and illegal activities that made them increasingly powerful, while the working class was increasingly exploited.

Gutman, on the other hand, believed that industrialization attracted many immigrants who were trying to get a job in the factories and thereby established competition with American citizens. Such competition generated social tension in the working class, which was often harmful.