How to figure out D sharp a whole step above and other like this example?

D# is a black key on the piano. Another name for D# is Eb, which has the same note pitch / sound, which means that the two note names are enharmonic to each other. It is called sharp because it is 1 half-tone (s) / semitone (s) up from the white note after which is is named - note D. The next note up from D# is E.

All Major scales follow this exact pattern: W W H W W W H (whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half). The distance between the first two notes in a Major scale is a whole step. The distance between the 3rd and 4th notes and the 7th and 8th notes are half steps.

A whole step (or "whole tone" or simply "tone") is the same distance as two half steps. A whole tone (or "whole step" or simply "tone") is the same distance as two half steps. Key 1 to Key 3 is a whole step. Key 1 to Key 3 is a whole tone. Key 1 to Key 2 is the first half step.