Phylogenies represent how different species or groups of organisms may be related through evolutionary time. Select the examples of how scientists use DNA sequences to determine evolutionary relationships between species or groups of organisms to create phylogenies.

DNA-DNA hybridisation is used to check the similarity in organisms. eg: human and chimpanzee

Explanation:

At the molecular level, the sequences of their orthologous (evolutionarily related) genes (DNA) or proteins are compared.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans have 24 pairs of chromosoome. Human and chimpanzee are most closely related as we share 99 per-cent of DNA similarity with them.

The strands of DNA samples from both species are denatured and then incubated with a mixture of DNA and favourable conditions the amount of base pairing defines the level of similarity or homology in species.

The beta chain of haemoglobin of humans and some species were checked for DNA sequences. It was found that if gorilla and human genes of the same are compared one difference of one amino acid was found. In human and dogs 15 amino acids difference was found same way chicken and human gene were compared 45 amino acid difference was found. At last a jawless fish, lamprey was compared with human and 125 amino acid difference was found.

Alternatively, DNA sequences would have been matched to study phylogenies.

After studying these differences it can be concluded that gorillas are closely related and jawfish the least related to human evolutionarily.