Apples as we know them today did not always exist. All apple varieties available to us today are derived from the wild relative Malus sieversii which is indigenous to Kazakhstan. The Romans developed over 23 varieties which they brought with them to England, which then the British brought to the Americas. What process was used to derive all of the varieties of apples we have today?

A. Genomics and DNA sequencing.

B. Gene cloning and by using transgenics.

C. Genetic modification and genetic engineering.

D. Conventional breeding.

E. Inbreeding depression.

Option - (D)

The process which was used to derive all of the varieties of apples that we have today is the conventional form of breeding and that the different methods which are mentioned along with it are more advanced then the conventional form of plants breeding.

Explanation:

There different techniques are used by research workers and scientist to have better results and to have a variety of products for improving there health effects on humans. So, the conventional form of breeding involves those organisms which can get along easily and survive to produce more productive form of products.

The correct answer is letter D. Conventional breeding

Explanation:

In conventional genetic improvement a plant is crossed with another of the same species, with no incorporation of genes from another organism into the plant's genome, requiring repeated crossings until reaching the desired improved cultivar. Only in transgenics or genetic engineering are genes from another organism incorporated into the plant's genome.