The client experienced a traumatic event in the past that has caused chronic nightmares in which the event is relived. The client may have increased levels of which of the following?

a) Aldosterone

b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

c) Norepinephrine

d) Cytokines

Answer: c) norepinephrine

Explanation:

In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the adrenal medulla secret increased levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Chronic PTSD also have shown to have increased activity of alpha adrenergic receptors.

In response to extreme stress the body secret these hormones which exert profound effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Also it increases the availability of energy sources from the break down of fats and glycogen.

Answer is norepinephrine