Diplomonads have neither mitochondria nor hydrogenosomes. All ATP is produced in their cytoplasm. What energy-releasing pathways might they use to make ATP?

From fermentation processes

Explanation:

Diplomonads can be described as a type of flagellates which are usually parasitic. These group of organisms are known to lack mitochondria. However, they do possess mitosomes which are non - functional. Mitosomes can be described as a modified type of mitochondria. As mitochondria are absent in them, they cannot perform respiration. Hence, in order to produce ATP, these organisms will need to depend on fermentative processes to produce ATP.