In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert adp + i to atp?

Source of energy for producing ATP in the chemiosmotic process is the gradient of protons (hydrogen ions, H+). An H + gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (ATP synthase). H + will diffuse from an area of their higher concentration to an area of lower H + concentration. An electrochemical concentration gradient of H + across a membrane can be harnessed to make energy in the form of ATP. ATP synthase allows H + to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to phosphorylate ADP (ADP+pi=ATP).

The gradient of H + is made from the e - movement through electron transport chains during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.