What increases energy expenditure above basal energy needs by about 15% to 35%?

The correct answer is: physical activity.

Basal energy expenditure is defined as the amount of oxygen (O2) which is consumed while resting and fasting, extrapolated to 24 hrs. Basal energy expenditure is used to determine an individual's caloric needs and it depends on gender, age, activity ...

Increase Energy Expenditure

Performing bodily functions and physical activities increases energy expenditures above basal energy by about 15% to 35%. It can also be altered by age, gender, and even menstruation. The inactive metabolic rate has a basis for total energy expenditure. Due to any kind of exercise or activity metabolic rate increases, energy expenditure also increases and vice versa.