On several occasions in Earth's history, huge numbers of volcanoes have erupted. These eruptions have sent particles into the air that blocked sunlight to plants, possibly causing the extinction of some species. Which "spheres" interacted in these situations?

The answer is; atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere

The geosphere spews dust and pyroclasts into the atmosphere through the volcanic activity. In the atmosphere, the dust and gases from the volcano mix with the weather elements and cause phenomenon such as acid rain. This poses a risk to the population of the biosphere because the dust persist in this atmosphere and blocks the sunlight required by primary producers-who are at the base of food chains.

The spheres, which interacted in the given case are biosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere.

The biosphere includes all the living things on the planet, that is, it comprises animals, plants, and microorganisms of Earth. The geosphere or the lithosphere comprises of all the solid and hard landmass found the surface of the Earth, the liquid rocks in the inner core of the Earth, and the molten or the semi-solid rocks within the crust of the Earth.

The atmosphere comprises all the air found on the planet. It comprises the mixture of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, and the rest of the trace gases.