Which of the following examples illustrates scientific fraud?

George changes the results of his experiment so he will win first prize at the science fair.

Naomi refuses to participate in a scientific study because of the potential health risks.

Hilda quits her job at a cosmetic research center because she believes animal testing is wrong.

Maria makes a mistake with her data calculations, which incorrectly proves her hypothesis correct.

George committed scientific fraud.

Explanation:

Scientific fraud is intentially miscronstruing or misreporting data in order to prove something that the scientist wants to show. Making a mistake, if it's honestly a mistake, like Maria did, is not scientific fraud because presumably if she realizes her mistake she will correct it. Naomi and Hilda are both standing up for what they believe in. George is the only one intentionally lying and reporting false data.