Price fluctuations that are the result of special product promotions, quantity discounts, and other special pricing discounts by suppliers result in: question 5 options: 1) shortage gaming 2) quantity batching 3) buy-back gaming 4) forward buying

Forward buying.

Forward buying is where a customer will be incentivized to purchase more than they need or intended because of certain marketing or pricing initiatives, such as product promotions and quantity discounts (like bulk sales). This option allows the seller to front-load revenue earlier than usual, despite offering the products at a reduced cost through such initiatives and price fluctuations.