Currently, Warren Industries can sell 20 dash year , $1 comma 000 -par-value bonds paying annual interest at a 9 % coupon rate. Because current market rates for similar bonds are just under 9 %, Warren can sell its bonds for $980 each; Warren will incur flotation costs of $20 per bond. The firm is in the 28 % tax bracket. a. Find the net proceeds from the sale of the bond, Upper N Subscript d. b. Calculate the bond's yield to maturity (YTM ) to estimate the before-tax and after-tax costs of debt. c. Use the approximation formula to estimate the before-tax and after-tax costs of debt.

a. Cash proceeds $960

b. Cost of Debt Before tax 9.4% and after tax 6.8%

c. Cost of Debt Before tax 9.39% and after tax 6.76%

Explanation:

a.

Cash proceed from the sale of bond is the net selling price and the floating cost of the bonds.

Cash proceed = Selling price - Floating cost = $980 - $20 = $960

b.

Yield to maturity is the annual rate of return that an investor receives if a bond bond is held until the maturity.

Yield to maturity = [ C + (F - P) / n ] / [ (F + P) / 2 ]

Yield to maturity = [ $90 + ($1,000 - $960) / 20 ] / [ ($1,000 + $960) / 2 ]

Yield to maturity = 9.4%

Cost of debt before tax = 9.4%

Cost of debt after tax = 9.4% (1 - 0.28) = 6.8%

c.

Yield to maturity = [ C + (F - P) / n ] / [ (F + P) / 2 ]

Yield to maturity = [ $90 + ($1,000 - $960) / 20 ] / [ ($1,000 + $960) / 2 ]

Yield to maturity = 9.39%

Cost of debt before tax = 9.39%

Cost of debt after tax = 9.19% (1 - 0.28) = 6.76%