In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U. S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America's role in the world. 1. Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the western frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe.
2. Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U. S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the U. S. should not extend its territory overseas. 3. The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U. S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines.
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