Product extension and refinement:a. shorten the product life cycle. b. extend the product life cycle. c. are too costly for most firms. d. take place during basic research. e. end the product life cycle.

Answer:B (extend the product life cycle)

Explanation:

Product expansion is otherwise called line extension where a brand covers another items under a product classification and its right now presents with new shading, sizes, pack sizes and structures. While refinement are small alterations or increases that made to something on an attempt to enhance it.