Which of the following is NOT positively associated with transformational leadership, according to research?

a. employee job satisfaction

b. more employee identification with their immediate work groups

c. lower levels of internal competition

d. higher levels of group cohesion

e. more work engagement

The correct answer is (c) lower levels of internal competition

Transformational leadership can be defined as a leadership approach that causes a change in individual and its social systems. Its main goal is to change an individual in a positive way so that it changes a follower into a leader. The competition at lower levels will increase if an individual will become leader from a follower. If there will be lower levels of internal competition, this is not positively associated with transformational leadership.

Transformational leadership is a type of leadership where leaders collaborate with their team member through inspiring them to achieve goals, solve problems together, and executing the changes.

It has been found to be associated with higher levels of employee job satisfaction, employee engagement, and group cohesion. Employees also tend to identify more with their work groups because of transformational leadership showcased by the work groups' leaders.

However, it has yet to be found that transformational leadership leads to (C) lower levels of internal competition, which refers to how employees compete with one another to be the best in achieving their work goals.