The context of a piece of writing is the

environment in which it was written.

denotative meaning of its language.

author's ideas about a specific topic.

central idea and how it is developed

The context is the environment in which it was written! "denotative meaning" is the dictionary definition, which doesn't have much to do with context (usually we use the opposite, the connotative meaning of a word, as a context clue), "author's ideas" would be more like opinions, "central ideal and how it is developed" is more about like main idea type stuff.

an environment can serve as a context because like a piece written in the past might have really casual racism/homophobia and people reading it to day have to understand "the context" in the sense that racism and homophobia were once super normal and no one really fought against it