How does earths shape affect global temperatures and wind patterns?

Since the Earth is curved, tilted and it spin slowly it make the sun rays only to shine on that part making us to have day and night.

There is a force which I learned called the "Coriolis effect", causes the direction of wind and currents to be deflected. In Northern Hemisphere, wind and currents are deflected toward the right, in Southern Hemisphere they are deflected to the left.

I hope this is the answer that you needed. I am not sure about the global temp. part