What were the causes and consequences of Islam's substantial religious and political/military success in its early centuries?

The formation of the Ottoman Empire and it's conquests.

- Shared faith Isam allowed easier mobilization of military potential.

- Byzantine and Persian empires were debilitated/weakened by decades of war with each other.

- Merchant leaders of new Islamic communities wanted to seek profitable trade routes and wealthy agricultural regions.

- Arabs found a route to socio-economic wealth and promotion in military expansion.