What was one long-held belief challenged by new ideas of the Scientific Revolution?

Creationism.

As the scientific revolution radically challenged the power and authority of the Church, the Church sometimes hindered "innovations in the sciences and in philosophy"; but it shouldn’t be assumed that "religious belief and the scientific enterprise are inherently inimical to one another."

For example, "Darwinism, the Copernican revolution and the Galileo affair are all too often regarded as demonstrating clearly and irrefutably that science and religion just do not mix."