Traits of complex

Societies & civizations

The growth of agriculture resulted in intensification, which had important consequences for social organization.

Larger groups gave rise to new challenges and required more sophisticated systems of social administration.

Complex societies took the forms of larger agricultural villages, cities, city-states, and states, which shared many features.

Specialized labor gave rise to distinct social classes and enabled creative and innovative developments.

Systems of record-keeping and symbolic expression grew more complex, and many societies had systems of writing.