in what way does the US Constitution guarantee the principles of limited government, federalism, separation of powers, a system of checks and balances, and majority rules with minority rights?

The correct answer is federalism.

Federalism refers to the separation of duties, powers, and obligations between the Federal Government and the various State governments.

It ensures that the Federal Government's power does not get too large and that power remains vested in the people and their state governments to some extent.