3) This is a person who is not a citizen of the state in which they reside and may be there for a short or long period of time.

Alien

Explanation:

Term 'Alien' in a legal sense refers to the person who is the resident of the foreign country while not being a proper lawful citizen of it.

They can be

legal alien - have some kind of issued permit to be a resident of the country for a certain time, such as tourist visa, work permit, or another kind of document issued by the government illegal alien - a non-recorded visitor who can even enter the country legally, but in the meantime fallen out of the legal framework of the resistance and keep staying in the country outside of boarders of law.