Which of these restrictions contributed to excluding both women and slaves from civic participation in the 18th and 19th centuries?

It was the right to vote. The voting process evolved over the years. At first only white males with property were able to vote. Then more restrictions were removed to include not white males but also others as well. When slavery was abolished, African Americans were able to vote. Then later on, women were also given the right to vote.

neither women nor slaves were encouraged to pursue an education