What article or group of articles addesses the protection of rights?

Might you be referring not so much to specific articles within the US Constitution itself, but to the Bill of Rights, which is what we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution?

1st amendment: Freedom of speech, free exercise of religion (and no state-established religion)

2nd amendment: Right to bear arms

3rd amendment: Restricted quartering of soldiers in private homes

4th amendment: Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

5th amendment: Right to due process of law

6th amendment: Rights of the accused when put on trial

7th amendment: Right to a jury trial

8th amendment: Prohibits excessive bail fees and cruel & unusual punishments

9th amendment: States that the rights listed in the constitution are not exhaustive list of all rights citizens have

10th amendment: Separation of powers