Use of force can be predicted by: a. situational characteristics, such as whether the pursuit is in car or on foot. b. characteristics of the target, such as gender and demeanor. c. characteristics of the officer, such as ethnicity. d. All of these are correct.

The correct answer is letter A

Explanation: The use of force can be predicted by situations, so the correct option is the letter A. Depending on the case, people will use force and this force can be predicted, so this will depend solely on the situation in which this context is.