How did European nations create new colonial boundaries for their imperial colonies? A Based on arrangements reached with other powers, ignoring local tribal and ethnic boundaries B Based on arrangements reached with other powers, respecting local tribal and ethnic boundaries C Based on arrangements made by the Pope, ignoring local tribal and ethnic boundaries D Based on arrangements made by the Pope, respecting local tribal and ethnic boundaries

Answer: B is correct (in majority of cases).

Explanation: pope's role was significant in Tordesillas treaty (1494) which gave monopoly over newly discoveries to Portugal and Spain (so pope, as the supreme did not respect ambitions of others sovereign kings or emperors). At the same time ... Portuguese started navigate along west-African coast from 1415 on without any authorization, reached Cape of the Good Will without any authorization. Sometimes ethnic boundaries were ignored and treaties with other powers were much more important. Tordesillas Treaty was respected but in the end Portuguese America got much bigger than arranged in this treaty. Even today political frontiers do not respect ethnic frontiers in Africa. In Europe situation is much better, but not everything is resolved. Frontiers are usually made also made regarding natural conditions (mountain ranges, rivers etc.).