What field of biblical study identifies genres incorporated into texts (like parables, genealogies, etc.) and speculates about the community life that generated those genres?

Form Criticism

Explanation:

Form criticism is a form of biblical criticism that breaks down units of scripture to identify their literary genre (such as "parables") or pattern and trace their origins based on the historical contexts on which they were communicated. This biblical analysis is done to identify the literary traditions of the times of these units and further study other historical cultures linked to this.

Form criticism was originated by scholars such as : Hermann Gunkel, Martin Noth, Gerhard von Rad.