Mustafa Kemal Atatürk drew a connection between modernity and secularism in the creation of the Turkish nation-state. In what ways did he specifically disempower Islamic institutions in favor of secular practices?

He replaced Islamic laws with the Swiss civil code and schools moved from the control of religious scholars to state control.

Explanation:

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, as well as founder of the Republic of Turkey. He served as Turkey's first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. His leadership marked a period of progressive reforms which have made Turkey into a modern and secular nation. His reforms inluded increased secularization of society which can be seen in changes in law and education systems.