What was not an effect of racism experienced by African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century?

The migration of African Americans to northern cities.

Explanation:

The migration of African Americans to northern cities was not an effect of racism experienced by African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century but because of Jim Crow laws and because they (African Americans) seek greener pastures, that is to say better economic conditions or opportunities. This migration or relocation of African Americans happened from the year 1916 to year 1970.

More than five (5) million or about six (6) million African-Americans were recorded to have migrated from Southern cities to Northern Cities.