Jake's father encourages him to play with action figures, but discourages him from playing with dolls. Now, whenever anyone offers a baby doll to Jake, he shrugs his nose and refuses to take it. Jake's behavior is best explained by which theory of gender-role development?

Social Learning

Explanation:

In the Theory of Gender-Role Development, Social Learning is based on either positive or negative reinforcements, which could take the form of approval and disapproval. In this theory, children receive a 'reward' or are encouraged if they practice an 'appropriate' gender behavior.

In this case, Jake's father encourages him to play with toys that are masculine. So, if Jake decides to play with dolls, he will receive disapproval from his father, whereas if he selects an action figure, he will receive praise. Therefore, he associates action figures with the "correct" choice. He has learned that he is not supposed to play with dolls. Therefore, if someone offers a doll to Jake, he expresses disapproval or disgust.

This is an example of Social Learning.