Which of the following modes of observation does NOT require the researcher to intrude to some degree on whatever he or she is studying? Interviews Focus groups Complete participant observation Content analysis All of these choices require the researcher to intrude

The answer is Content analysis.

Explanation:

Content analysis is a research technique that focuses on the analysis of written or audiovisual material, often produced in mass media. Among the modes of observation mentioned in the question, content analysis is the techquince that doesn't require the researcher to intrude in what he or she is studying because they are analyzing material that has already been produced. Therefore, the researcher does not play a role in the production of the data, unlike in interviews, focus groups or participant observation.