An important consideration for anyone doing cross-cultural research in human development is ethnocentrism. Gardiner defines this anthropological term as:

a. the belief that ethnicity is the most important cultural variable. b. the belief that tribal social structure is basic to all humanity. c. the belief that one's culture is superior to others. d. the belief that one's ethnic group has historical land rights

c. the belief that one's culture is superior to others.

Explanation:

Ethnocentrism is an ideological system through which an individual analyzes the world according to the parameters of its own culture. It often implies the belief that one's ethnic group is more important than the rest or that some aspects of one's culture are superior to other cultures. This fact is reflected, for example, in the pejorative labels given to other ethnic groups and the positive labels that the dominant ethnic group applies to itself. Ethnocentrism implies that people judge other ethnic or cultural groups in matters referred to linguistics, customs, behaviors, religions, beliefs, among other different items that establish a cultural identity.