Theories that link ongoing poverty to the personal failings of the individual, family, or community are referred to as what?

The answer is: culture of poverty

According to the culture of poverty, parents who are trapped in poverty are more likely to teach the same behavior or way of thinking that make them poor to their children.

The lack of understanding will make the children grow up into adults who do not have the understanding on how to achieve success and eventually would be trapped in poverty cycle and repeat the same process to their children.