The rise of nationalism in Europe came out of all of the following except

If this is the list of answers you've been given:

a. a desire for the people to self-govern

c. loyalty for one’s culture and country

b. the creation of nation-states in Europe

d. people’s disapproval of the decision made at the Congress of Vienna

Then the correct answer would be D - the people's disapproval of the decision made at the Congress of Vienna.

All of the other answers had a role and played their part in the rise of nationalism in Europe.