Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

a. using computer programs to align DNA sequences.

b. using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.

c. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.

d. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

The correct answer is option b.

Explanation:

Bioinformatics refers to the branch of science, which uses biotechnology and computer technology associated information for different objectives. It uses computer knowledge to assess sequences of DNA, computer-based tools for analysis of genomes, and mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

However, the approach of bioinformatics does not need wet-lab experiments to combine DNA from two distinct sources in a test tube. Thus, option b is the incorrect one.