Which approach to leadership focuses on the characteristics the leader possesses, rather than on how he or she acts or responds towards subordinates?

The answer is Trait Approach. The trait theory of leadership is a presumption that leaders are born (and not made) and because of this, those that possess the correct qualities and traits are better suited to leadership. This theory often identifies behavioral characteristics that are common in leaders. It is the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.