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3 June, 11:01

A conical enlargement in a vertical pipeline is 5 ft long and enlarges the pipe diameter from 12 in. to 24 in. diameter. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the vertical force on this enlargement when 10 f t3/s of water flow upward through the line and the pressure at the smaller end of the enlargement is 30 psi.

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  1. 3 June, 12:21
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    F_y = 151319.01N = 15.132 KN

    Explanation:

    From the linear momentum equation theory, since flow is steady, the y components would be;

    -V1•ρ1•V1•A1 + V2•ρ2•V2•A2 = P1•A1 - P2•A2 - F_y

    We are given;

    Length; L = 5ft = 1.52.

    Initial diameter; d1 = 12in = 0.3m

    Exit diameter; d2 = 24 in = 0.6m

    Volume flow rate of water; Q2 = 10 ft³/s = 0.28 m³/s

    Initial pressure; p1 = 30 psi = 206843 pa

    Thus,

    initial Area; A1 = π•d1²/4 = π•0.3²/4 = 0.07 m²

    Exit area; A2 = π•d2²/4 = π•0.6²/4 = 0.28m²

    Now, we know that volume flow rate of water is given by; Q = A•V

    Thus,

    At exit, Q2 = A2•V2

    So, 0.28 = 0.28•V2

    So, V2 = 1 m/s

    When flow is incompressible, we often say that;

    Initial mass flow rate = exit mass flow rate.

    Thus,

    ρ1 = ρ2 = 1000 kg/m³

    Density of water is 1000 kg/m³

    And A1•V1 = A2•V2

    So, V1 = A2•V2/A1

    So, V1 = 0.28 x 1/0.07

    V1 = 4 m/s

    So, from initial equation of y components;

    -V1•ρ1•V1•A1 + V2•ρ2•V2•A2 = P1•A1 - P2•A2 - F_y

    Where F_y is vertical force of enlargement pressure and P2 = 0

    Thus, making F_y the subject;

    F_y = P1•A1 + V1•ρ1•V1•A1 - V2•ρ2•V2•A2

    Plugging in the relevant values to get;

    F_y = (206843 x 0.07) + (1² x 1000 x 0.07) - (4² x 1000 x 0.28)

    F_y = 151319.01N = 15.132 KN
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