Which word or phrase best describes the political and religious atmosphere of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

progressive

radical yet plain

highly ritualistic

tumultuous

The word or phrase that best describes the political and religious atmosphere of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is "tumultuous" (D). During this period, the church was in a crisis. It was losing power and the European peasants were rising up against the way they were being treated by the church and the noblemen.