Many achievements made during the Golden Ages of both Islam and the West African Kingdoms reached European societies by way of

1.

trade networks in the Mediterranean Sea region

2.

trade expeditions between China and Africa

3.

the voyages of Ferdinand Magellan

4.

the travels of Commodore Matthew Perry

1 is the right answer. Many southern European countries were under the control of Islam. The caliphate of Cordoba in Spain for instance. Or the caliphate of Sicily ... this allowed Islamic teachings to reach the European mainland. Venetians traded with oriental countries a lot ... that's how the fork got imported