Return to the credit card scenario of Exercise 12 (Section 2.2), and let C be the event that the selected student has an American Express card. In addition to P (A) =.6, P (B) =.4, and P (A n B) =.3, suppose that P (C) =.2, P (A n C) =.15, P (B n C) =.1, and P (A n B n C) =.08.

A. What is the probability that the selected student has at least one of the three types of cards?

B. What is the probability that the selected student has both a Visa card and a MasterCard but not an American Express card?

C. Calculate and interpret P (B | A) and also P (A | B).

D. If we learn that the selected student has an American Express card, what is the probability that she or he also has both a Visa card and a MasterCard?

E. Given that the selected student has an American Express card, what is the probability that she or he has at least one of the other two types of cards?

A. P = 0.73

B. P (A∩B∩C') = 0.22

C. P (B/A) = 0.5

P (A/B) = 0.75

D. P (A∩B/C) = 0.4

E. P (A∪B/C) = 0.85

Step-by-step explanation:

Let's call A the event that a student has a Visa card, B the event that a student has a MasterCard and C the event that a student has a American Express card. Additionally, let's call A' the event that a student hasn't a Visa card, B' the event that a student hasn't a MasterCard and C the event that a student hasn't a American Express card.

Then, with the given probabilities we can find the following probabilities:

P (A∩B∩C') = P (A∩B) - P (A∩B∩C) = 0.3 - 0.08 = 0.22

Where P (A∩B∩C') is the probability that a student has a Visa card and a Master Card but doesn't have a American Express, P (A∩B) is the probability that a student has a has a Visa card and a MasterCard and P (A∩B∩C) is the probability that a student has a Visa card, a MasterCard and a American Express card. At the same way, we can find:

P (A∩C∩B') = P (A∩C) - P (A∩B∩C) = 0.15 - 0.08 = 0.07

P (B∩C∩A') = P (B∩C) - P (A∩B∩C) = 0.1 - 0.08 = 0.02

P (A∩B'∩C') = P (A) - P (A∩B∩C') - P (A∩C∩B') - P (A∩B∩C)

= 0.6 - 0.22 - 0.07 - 0.08 = 0.23

P (B∩A'∩C') = P (B) - P (A∩B∩C') - P (B∩C∩A') - P (A∩B∩C)

= 0.4 - 0.22 - 0.02 - 0.08 = 0.08

P (C∩A'∩A') = P (C) - P (A∩C∩B') - P (B∩C∩A') - P (A∩B∩C)

= 0.2 - 0.07 - 0.02 - 0.08 = 0.03

A. the probability that the selected student has at least one of the three types of cards is calculated as:

P = P (A∩B∩C) + P (A∩B∩C') + P (A∩C∩B') + P (B∩C∩A') + P (A∩B'∩C') +

P (B∩A'∩C') + P (C∩A'∩A')

P = 0.08 + 0.22 + 0.07 + 0.02 + 0.23 + 0.08 + 0.03 = 0.73

B. The probability that the selected student has both a Visa card and a MasterCard but not an American Express card can be written as P (A∩B∩C') and it is equal to 0.22

C. P (B/A) is the probability that a student has a MasterCard given that he has a Visa Card. it is calculated as:

P (B/A) = P (A∩B) / P (A)

So, replacing values, we get:

P (B/A) = 0.3/0.6 = 0.5

At the same way, P (A/B) is the probability that a student has a Visa Card given that he has a MasterCard. it is calculated as:

P (A/B) = P (A∩B) / P (B) = 0.3/0.4 = 0.75

D. If a selected student has an American Express card, the probability that she or he also has both a Visa card and a MasterCard is written as P (A∩B/C), so it is calculated as:

P (A∩B/C) = P (A∩B∩C) / P (C) = 0.08/0.2 = 0.4

E. If a the selected student has an American Express card, the probability that she or he has at least one of the other two types of cards is written as P (A∪B/C) and it is calculated as:

P (A∪B/C) = P (A∪B∩C) / P (C)

Where P (A∪B∩C) = P (A∩B∩C) + P (B∩C∩A') + P (A∩C∩B')

So, P (A∪B∩C) = 0.08 + 0.07 + 0.02 = 0.17

Finally, P (A∪B/C) is:

P (A∪B/C) = 0.17/0.2 = 0.85