Which of these transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption?

a. Amnesia

b. Encoding specificity

c. Cued-recall

d. Consolidation

Option D: Consolidation.

Explanation:

Memory consolidation is defined as the process under which memory traces are stabilized after their initial acquisition. It consist two specific processes:

Synaptic consolidation, it is basically a short-term process of consolidation i. e. within few hours of memory acquisition. System consolidation, it is a long-term process of consolidation.

This process of memory consolidation is the fundamental process of formation of long-term memories. In it's initial stage memory remain in fragile state where it can disrupted by several interference but over time through the process of consolidation memory becomes resistant to these types of interference.