Which of the following is a doctrine available to defendants whereby a defendant may avoid liability by establishing that the plaintiff voluntarily and unreasonably encountered the risk of the actual harm that the defendant caused?

a. Last-clear-chance doctrine.

b. Assumption of risk doctrine.

c. Contributory negligence doctrine.

d. Res ipsa loquitur.

e. Negligence per se.

Last-clear-chance doctrine.

Explanation:

Last-clear-chance doctrine is an affirmative defense to defeat a negligence claim. It is applied in case where where both the defendant and plaintiff are partially responsible for some amount of fault giving rise to case.

According to this doctrine, plaintiff has to prove that defendant has the last chance to avoid the situation or change the situation and prevent injury of plaintiff